Octavia Butlers Kindred vs. Harriet Jacobs Incidents In...

Octavia Butlers Kindred vs. Harriet Jacobs Incidents In The Life of a Slave Girl According to the conventions for slave narratives, it is possible to categorize Kindred by Octavia Butler as a slave narrative. However, the circumstances that take Dana back in time are imaginative and fantastical compared to slave narratives such as Incidents In The Life Of A Slave Girl by Harriet Jacobs. While reading Kindred, one doesnt really get the experience of the slaves, but how Dana feels as she participates in slave times. Compared to the lives of slaves, her life is much easier and she has the luxury of knowing she is not and never was a slave. In contrast, Incidents In The Life Of A Slave Girl is a direct portrayal of slavery through†¦show more content†¦It wasn?t just racial. They were used to black people. Maybe I could get Kevin to find out what it is. (Butler 70) Most slaves knew that education got slaves killed. Yet it never occurs to Dana that her speech, her education, her whole aura was unlike any other slave encountered before and therefore she was a potential threat to the slaveholder?s way of life. Further parallels exist in the relationship they have with their masters. Jacobs? master, Mr. Flint, is obsessed with having her and takes every chance he gets to proposition her in some vulgar fashion. Yet while he desires her, he never tries to force or beat her into submission. Instead he attempts to manipulate her and when that fails threatens to beat or kill her. Jacobs does not hide her dislike of Dr. Flint and at times wonders herself why he does not punish her. She states, ?Sometimes I so openly expressed my contempt for him that he would become violently enraged, and I wondered why he did not strike me? (Jacobs 35). With the threat of physical violence constantly hanging over her head, she is terrified and traumatized by Dr. Flints constant harassment. Dana?s master Rufus treats her much the same. Once he grows into a young man, he too becomes obsessed with her and makes every attempt to seduce her. He is often kind and sweet but once rejected he becomes enraged and violent. Dana recalls, I can?t be with you Rufus. You don?t love me. You just want what you can?t

The Scheduling Of Project Management - 1045 Words

Hypothesis: The scheduling in project management is the discipline for stating how to complete a project within a certain timeframe, usually with defined stage, and with designated resources. The project schedule reflects all of the work associated with delivering the project on time. It shows how the work will progress over a period of time and takes into account factors such as limited resources and estimating uncertainty. Without a full and complete schedule, the project manager will be unable to communicate the complete effort, in terms of cost and resources, necessary to deliver the project. Scheduling: Scheduling in simple words would be defined as tabulating different tasks in a project in a proper sequence from start to end of the†¦show more content†¦Precedence: An activity must be preceded by another activity, i.e. the activity cannot start until a predecessor activity has been completed (e.g. a hole must be excavated before concrete is poured for a pier) Succession: an activity must be succeeded by another activity, i.e. the activity should be performed immediately after another activity (e.g. concrete must be immediately consolidated after it is poured, and it must be immediately finished after it is consolidated). Thus, an activity may have: †¢ No predecessor or successor. †¢ Only a predecessor. †¢ Only a successor. †¢ Both a predecessor and a successor. Event: Event is the start or end state of an activity. It doesn’t consume any resource. Each activity must have two events. Event may serve more than one activity at a time and is used to connect the activities. Event is a point in the time but not a passage of the time. It is denoted by a circle with a number or a dot with a number. Network: A structure that connects activities in a system that allows us to complete the project objective. To bring the project into network form, we can determine activities within it via a work breakdown structure (WBS). In general, the network format consists of two elements: Nodes: Junctures in the network (normally represented by a bubble, circle or other closed shape in a

A Tale of Two Cities free essay sample

Repetition is one of the linguistic devices of which Charles Dickens is very fond, and the novelist makes things easy for his readers by his constant repetitions, and his habitual phrases are remembered by readers who are not used to reading with close attention. Dickens’s stylistic use of repetition reaches its climax in A Tale of Two Cities (1859). Therefore, it is fruitful to deal with the language of Dickens, especially that of A Tale of Two Cities, from the point of view of repetition in order to explore his linguistic artistry with which the novelist, inheriting the language of the 18th century, improved upon the style of English prose. In fact, Dickens exploits various types of repetition, that is, repetition of sounds, morphemes, words, phrases, and sentences for various stylistic purposes, such as association, implication, irony, characterization, or verbal iconicity. However, in this paper I focus my attention on the repetitive use of words or phrases. â€Å"Dickens makes a broader use of the symbols and allegories that had long been dear to him. † (Monod) In reality, A Tale of Two Cities is full of repeated imagery and symbolic patterns. We hear again and again the footsteps and the rising storm; we see the drinking of wine and the staining blood. This novel achieves linguistic and stylistic contiguity through the repeated use of symbolic words like â€Å"footstep,† â€Å"echo,† and â€Å"wine,† â€Å"blood,† which are closely related to the subject matter of the novel. To put it another way, repetition of symbolic words fulfills an important function of promoting the thematic cohesion, by which the themes of this novel are brought to light. Here, I concentrate my attention on the repetition of the key word â€Å"wine,† and its related words â€Å"red† and â€Å"blood. These words often co-occur with one another, and convey additional and different meanings as well as their own specific meanings, in accordance with the scenes or contexts, especially between the English and the French scenes. The word â€Å"wine† occurs 120 times, â€Å"red† 56 times, and  "blood† 35 times in total. 11 The chapters of the novel are divided into three groups: English chapters, French chapters, and English-French chapters, depending on the location of the incidents in each chapter. It is often pointed out that the word â€Å"wine† and its related words â€Å"red† and â€Å"blood† frequently co-occur as an indication of the French Revolution’s slaughter and bloodshed. This does not reveal how the words create the symbolical imagery of the bleeding Revolution. Needless to say, the Revolution’s slaughter and bloodshed are not simply hinted at and represented through the repetition and co-occurrence of these three words, but the related words co-occurring with them in the same contexts contribute to creating the bloody imagery. The different or contrastive use of repeated words in the English and the French scenes in A Tale of Two Cities enables the reader to realize the author’s deliberate exploitation of words in terms of the subject matter, that is to say, contrast between the two cities. The repetition of â€Å"plane-tree† together with that of â€Å"pleasant† serves to create a favorable family atmosphere in the English scenes. In sharp contrast to this, in the French scenes, the words â€Å"fountain† and â€Å"fate† directly convey some of the dominant themes of the book: death, future life, fate, and resurrection. It seems that Dickens suggests the inevitable outbreak of the French Revolution and the characters’ sealed destinies through the verbal associations of such repetitive words arranged mainly in the French scenes. It is worth examining the repetitive use of â€Å"plane-tree† and â€Å"fountain† more closely and concretely. The words convey not only their own meanings but additional ones as well, for instance, foreshadowing. One example of the repeated use of â€Å"plane-tree† and â€Å"pleasant† in the English scenes can be observed in passage (8): 8) On this occasion, Miss Pross, responding to Ladybirds pleasant face and pleasant efforts to please her, unbent exceedingly; so the dinner was very pleasant, too. It was an oppressive day, and, after dinner, Lucie proposed that the wine should be carried out under the plane-tree, and they should sit there in the air. As everything turned upon her, and revolved about her, they went out under the plane-tree , and she carried the wine down for the special benefit of Mr. Lorry. She had installed herself, some time before, as Mr. Lorry’s cup-bearer; and while they sat under the plane-tree, talking, she kept his glass replenished. Mysterious backs and ends of houses peeped at them as they talked, and the plane-tree whispered to them in its own way above their heads. (Bk. II, Ch. 6) In the context of the passage above, Dr. Manette, Lucie, Mr. Lorry, and Miss Pross are in the courtyard after dinner. The repeated use of â€Å"plane-tree† and â€Å"pleasant† in close proximity serves to create a comfortable and cozy atmosphere of domestic peace. At the same time, however, I find the repetition of the word â€Å"wine. † As already mentioned, â€Å"wine† in the English scenes is associated with a serious development in the plot. Through the co-occurrence of â€Å"plane-tree† with â€Å"wine† we can sense an impending misfortune to threaten Lucie’s happy family life, even though the â€Å"plane-tree† itself carries a good connotation. In fact, in the scene which follows the passage above, all the characters who gather under the â€Å"plane-tree† hear the footsteps of the people in the street caught in the sudden storm, which seems to be indicative of the outbreak of the French Revolution. Additionally, the personification of the â€Å"plane-tree† and â€Å"houses† in the last sentence also serves as an ominous harbinger. As another example of the repeated use of the â€Å"plane-tree,† let me examine the following two passages. Passage (9) is observed at the very beginning, and passage (10) at the very end of Chapter 17 of Book II: (9) Never did the sun go down with a brighter glory on the quiet corner in Soho, than one memorable evening when the Doctor and his daughter sat under the plane-tree together. Never did the moon rise with a milder radiance over great London, than on that night when it found them still seated under the tree, and shone upon their faces through its leaves. Lucie was to be married to-morrow. She had reserved this last evening for her father, and they sat alone under the plane-tree. â€Å"You are happy, my dear father? † â€Å"Quite, my child. † (Bk. II, Ch. 17) (10) (Lucie sits by her father’s bedside for a while. ) She[Lucie] timidly laid her hand on his[Dr. Manette’s] dear breast, and put up a prayer that she might ever be as true to him as her love aspired to be, and as his sorrows deserved. Then, she withdrew her hand, and kissed his lips once more, and went away. So, the sunrise came, and the shadows of the leaves of the plane-tree moved upon his face, as softly as her lips had moved in praying for him. Bk. II, Ch. 17) The first passage appears in the context where Lucie and her father sit outside under the â€Å"plane-tree† the night before her wedding, and she reassures her father that her love for Darnay will not alter her love for him. The repetitive use of the â€Å"plane-tree† (and also the words â€Å"the tree† twice) along with the words indicative of light, â€Å"sun,† â€Å"brighter,† â€Å"moon,† â€Å"radiance,† or â€Å"shone† is closely related with the domestic happiness and hope that Lucie and her father feel. Furthermore, in passage (10), the word denoting light, â€Å"sunrise,† is also used. At the same time, however, the â€Å"plane-tree† co-occurs with the word â€Å"shadow,† which seems to carry an ominous implication for Dr. Manette’s future. In reality, in the following chapter, Chapter 18 of Book II, Dr. Manette has temporarily reverted to shoemaking because of the shock of Charles Darnay’s revelation, on the morning of his wedding to Lucie, of his identity as a member of the St Evremonde family. It can be said that the repeated use of the â€Å"plane-tree† itself symbolically suggests the Manettes’ domestic peace, co-occurring with the words significant of light. Yet, the change of words co-occurring with the â€Å"plane-tree,† that is to say, the new combination of â€Å"plane-tree† and â€Å"shadow,† implies the characters’ future fate in terms of foreshadowing. The foregoing arguments justify stating that Dickens deliberately exploits the technique of repetition with great artistry in order to individualize characters, to make creative use of conventional symbolic meanings, to prefigure future events, and to convey the main themes of the novel, such as fate, resurrection, and contrast, to the minds of the reader. The novelist’s use of repetition for the stylistic effects of emphasis and irony can also e found in his other novels. However, in A Tale of Two Cities, the repetitions of words and phrases are well organized and structurally used, and thus have the obvious function of creating a strong sense of unity in the structure of the novel. In a metaphorical sense, as various kinds of threads are woven to gether into texture, various kinds of repetition are skillfully interwoven into the story, and provide a strong sense of continuity and association within the novel. Such structural use of repetition is one of the linguistic peculiarities of A Tale of Two Cities.

The Misanthrope Essays - The Misanthrope, Operas,

The Misanthrope The Misanthrope was not similar to anything one might expect to see in a modern day theatrical production. The dialogue that was spoken between the actors was hard to understand as an audience member. Moliere's play is done in classic verse format, meaning that the play was done completely in rhyme. An addition obstacle for the actors was the language was not updated to the current mode of speaking. Often times plays that are kept in the original language get complaints form their audiences about the inability to enjoy the play because most of the audience's time was spent trying to figure out what the actors were saying. At the same time, actors must be aware of overdoing their movements and gestures so they don't go down the path of dreaded indication. This production of the Misanthrope was a little lacking in the overall quality of the performance because the majority of the actors were having trouble overcoming the language barrier. The play opens with a conversation between Alceste, played by Geoff Wilson, and Philinte, played by Stan Q. Wash. Alceste shows himself to be very cynical about the motives of people and Philinte shows himself to be very sincere believing that people should be kind to each other even if it meant putting on a false face. We learn this through Alceste and Philinte's comments on a poem written by their friend Oronte, played by Blake Bowen. Alceste thinks it is horrible while Philinte thinks it is wonderful. Philinte also says that Alceste was too blunt and could have softened his criticism. Later, Alceste decides to go see Celimene, played by Kelly Ann Ford, and talk about their relationship. He tells her that she should get rid of the rest of her suitors and she insists that he is her only true lover. The rest of the suitors at Celimene's apartment believe the same as Alceste. As they're talking, Oronte enters with the marshal who tells Alceste to apologize to Oronte about the comments he made on his poem. Then Acaste, played by Brian Levin, and Clitandre, played by Jeff Radue, argue over who is the better lover for Celimene. After that situation, Arsinoe comes in to confront Celimene about her personality. They discuss the matter very heatedly and Arsinoe does not succeed in putting down Celimene. Finally after these conversations, Alceste brings a letter to the attention of everyone. It is a letter from Celimene to Oronte. He tries to confront Celimene about it, but she denies any such letter. Alceste wants to leave all these problems he is having, but Philinte convinces him to stay and think everything through. Then Oronte goes to Celimene to find out whom she truly loves and then all of the others come in shortly after. While all of the characters are together Acaste reads his letter from Celimene that discloses her feeling about everyone. Once this was revealed, Clitandre and Acaste decide that she is not worth their time so they leave. Oronte leaves her wit h a few words and then Arsinoe tells her a thing or two. Alceste forgives her and still wants to be with her. She really does not want to be with him and then Alceste decides that she is really not worth his time and he really does not like her. Philinte and Eliante decide to get married and make it their duty to make Alceste happy. Even though this production lacking the language barrier there were some well-portrayed moments in the play. The actress who portrayed Celimene, Kelly Ann Ford, and the actor who portrayed Alceste, Geoff Wilson, did a wonderful job in conveying their intended message to the audience. The character of Alceste is meant to be a man obsessed with the truth, high morals, and the pursuit of intelligence; accordingly his physical actions should demonstrate this in some shape or form. Alceste clearly was centered in his head, they way he carried himself, reflected this, as he always had his head slightly upturned and looked down upon, literally, everyone. Celimene, on the other hand, was clearly centered on her chest. She liked all the attention and was an extremely proud woman, as demonstrated during her

Free Essays on Worship Visits

After reading through the terms of this assignment, I was almost excited to find out which different churches I would be visiting. I know that I am certain of what I believe, and so I knew that there was certainly no chance of me being swayed in my position. As such, I was eager to go out and see which different religions I was to examine. I actually started my search in the phone book, as I had never gone to any different church other than that of traditional Christian doctrine. I couldn’t decide exactly how distant I wanted my choices to be from where I was beliefwise, but then I realized that if all that I do is stay within my little box, than there was really no room for potential growth, spiritual or otherwise. I knew that I had to go out and really analyze the different kinds of churches that I have always felt was some sort of negative stigma associated with. I was wanting to find out just what kinds of teachings were going on, and, after going through seven years of school, all of which included a religion (Bible) class, I was anxious to find out if all of the oddball religions that we learned about since grade school were easily available. As such, I chose to look at two different kinds of churches, both of which I had learned all of my life were blatantly anti- Christian. The first church, locate d in Meridian, Capital Christian Center (Center? What?), I thought was going to be similar, but not like, a regular Christian church. Wow, was I wrong. The second, located in Nampa, which I chose due to all of the recent press appeal, was a Catholic church, St. Pauls. At first I didn’t know if this particular church was actually real. Needless to say, it was an interesting journey, one that although I am glad I made, I am not necessarily eager to re-perform. Located off Eagle Rd. in Meridian, Capital Christian Center ( which I later found out to be a mix between Assemblies of God and Penatcostal, but I think mor... Free Essays on Worship Visits Free Essays on Worship Visits After reading through the terms of this assignment, I was almost excited to find out which different churches I would be visiting. I know that I am certain of what I believe, and so I knew that there was certainly no chance of me being swayed in my position. As such, I was eager to go out and see which different religions I was to examine. I actually started my search in the phone book, as I had never gone to any different church other than that of traditional Christian doctrine. I couldn’t decide exactly how distant I wanted my choices to be from where I was beliefwise, but then I realized that if all that I do is stay within my little box, than there was really no room for potential growth, spiritual or otherwise. I knew that I had to go out and really analyze the different kinds of churches that I have always felt was some sort of negative stigma associated with. I was wanting to find out just what kinds of teachings were going on, and, after going through seven years of school, all of which included a religion (Bible) class, I was anxious to find out if all of the oddball religions that we learned about since grade school were easily available. As such, I chose to look at two different kinds of churches, both of which I had learned all of my life were blatantly anti- Christian. The first church, locate d in Meridian, Capital Christian Center (Center? What?), I thought was going to be similar, but not like, a regular Christian church. Wow, was I wrong. The second, located in Nampa, which I chose due to all of the recent press appeal, was a Catholic church, St. Pauls. At first I didn’t know if this particular church was actually real. Needless to say, it was an interesting journey, one that although I am glad I made, I am not necessarily eager to re-perform. Located off Eagle Rd. in Meridian, Capital Christian Center ( which I later found out to be a mix between Assemblies of God and Penatcostal, but I think mor...

Definition and Examples of Hendiadys in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Hendiadys in Rhetoric Hendiadys (pronounced  hen-DEE-eh-dis)  is a  figure of speech in which two words joined by and express an idea that is more commonly expressed by an adjective and a noun. Adjective: hendiadic. Also known as the figure of twins and pseudo coordination. Critic Frank Kermode described hendiadys as a way of making a single idea strange by splitting an expression in two (​Shakespeares Language, 2000). William Shakespeare used hendiadys almost compulsively in several of his plays (J. Shapiro, 2005). More than 60 instances of the figure appear in Hamlet alone (e.g., a fashion and a toy in blood, the perfume and suppliance of a minute). Pronunciation   hen-DEE-eh-dis Alternate Spellings   endiadis, hendiasys Etymology From the Greek, one by means of  two Examples and Observations [Hendiadys  is the] expression of an idea by two nouns connected by and instead of a noun and its qualifier: by length of time and siege for by a long siege. Puttenham offers an example: Not you, coy dame, your lowers and your looks, for your lowering looks. Peacham, ignoring the derivation of the term, defines it as the substituting, for an adjective, of a substantive with the same meaning: a man of great wisdom for a wise man. This redefinition would make it a kind of anthimeria. (Richard Lanham, A Handlist of Rhetorical Terms. University of California Press, 1991) Finally, my father said, Ill tell you what, Sharla. Just go and visit for a few hours; you dont have to spend the night, all right?†(Elizabeth Berg,  What We Keep. Random House, 1998)Penny waited until she knew her father had left the house before taking Kelly upstairs to give her a good wash and to  try and do  something to tidy her hair before taking her out.(Rosie Harris, Love or Duty. Severn House, 2014) The Hendiadic Formula We frequently join adjectives on the pattern of nice and warm, good and loud, big and fat, sick and tired, long and leggy. Each of these pairs represents a single concept in which the general idea contained in the first adjective is explained or specified or opened up by the second; and, insofar as such expressions may be continually invented, the pattern seems the closest thing to adjectival hendiadys in English. Formulaic phrases such as nice and and good and may be completed by virtually any adjective (or at least any pithy one) in the language. Being formulaic, however, they lack the elements of surprise, or improvisation, and of eccentric coordination that we find in classical hendiadys. (George T. Wright, Hendiadys and Hamlet. PMLA, March 1981) Rhetorical Effect of Hendiadys [H]endiadys has the effect of using language in order to slow down the rhythm of thought and perception, to break things down into more elementary units, and thereby to distort normative habits of thought and put them out of joint. Hendiadys is a kind of rhetorical double take, a disruptive slowing of the action so that, for example, we realize that the hatching of something is not identical with its disclosure (Hamlet 3.1.174), or that the expectation and rose of the fair state (Hamlet 3.1.152), rather than the merely expectant rose, define two distinctive aspects of Hamlets role as heir apparent. (Ned Lukacher, Time-Fetishes: The Secret History of Eternal Recurrence. Duke University Press, 1998) Pseudo-Coordination For present-day English, [Randolph] Quirk et al. [A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, 1985] comment on the similarity between expressions like come and see, go to visit, try to do. They remark that the semantic relation is alternatively realized by coordinated clauses, especially in rather informal usage. Quirk et al. (1985:987-88) return to the topic of hendiadys under the heading of pseudo-coordination, noting that Ill try and come tomorrow is roughly equivalent to Ill try to come tomorrow, and that they sat and talked about the good old times is similar in meaning to they sat talking about the good old times. . . . [H]endiadic verbal expressions cover a spectrum that extends from core examples like go and, come and, come along and, come up and, stand there and, sit around and, try and to a plethora of occasional types such as take a chance and, plunge in and, wake up and, go to work and, roll up ones sleeves and, and very many others that could be characterized as hendiadic in a broader sense. (Paul Hopper, Hendiadys and Auxiliation in English. Complex Sentences in Grammar and Discourse, ed. by Joan L. Bybee and Michael Noonan. John Benjamins, 2002) The Lighter Side of Hendiadys Elwood: What kind of music do you usually have here? Claire: Oh, we got both kinds. We got country and western. (Dan Aykroyd and Sheilah Wells in The Blues Brothers, 1980)

Discuss briefly the need for citation and referencing, and describe Essay

Discuss briefly the need for citation and referencing, and describe the main characteristics of the Harvard System of Referencing, the style favoured by this un - Essay Example Gray et al 2008, p. 114, term the use of proper use of citation and referencing as â€Å"academic integrity†. The reputation of a piece of academic work lies in proper use of citations and references. Any author has a right over the ideas and words present in their work and this right deems that it is morally important to their ideas and work are appropriately attributed, when used by others (Gray et al, 2008). When accurate citation and referencing is done it reflects the integrity of the author, for it shows that the author recognizes the sources and acknowledges these sources. This leads to the importance of referencing in letting others find the original sources used in the work (REFERENCING, 2000). This is why citations and references may be considered as signposts and acknowledgements. The signpost perspective arises from showing the location of the source, while the acknowledgement perspective arises from accepting the indebtedness to the source (Hunter, 2008). Hunter 2008, p.1 gives three reasons why citations and references are important, which are â€Å"ideas are the currency of academia†, â€Å"failing to cite violates the rights of the person who originated the idea and â€Å"academics needs to be able to trace the geneology of ideas†. Referencing in an academic work demonstrates the quality of the work, through the range of ideas that are used and acknowledged and does away with possibility of any charge of plagiarism (University of South Australia, 2007). The quality of work thus becomes another important contribution of proper referencing in a piece of academic work, as it reflects the thoroughness and the diligence of the author and through that contributes to the reputation or impression of the academic work (Glick, 2007). The Harvard System uses an author-date system. There are two places in an academic work that citations and references are used, which are in the

Research and Development at Thomas Company Essay

Research and Development at Thomas Company - Essay Example The principle bases on the cause and effect correlation (Millan, 2005). If no cause to effect correlation exists, accountants show an expense when the cost expires. According to U.S. (SFA No. 2) the expenditures are expensed by firms hence reducing net earnings of year in progress while IFRS capitalize such expenses leaving year in progress earnings unaffected (IASB, 2008). Even if the two small expenditures (R & D) are alike in their nature, their observed benefits vary significantly based on accounting handlings of such expenditures. It should be noted that small expensed intangibles are often viewed to be more auspicious to investors than small capitalized intangibles. When the expenditure is treated as the asset, significant expenditure is more beneficial than the small expenditure. Nevertheless, when the expenditure is expensed, there is no significant discrepancy between the large and the small expenditures (Sougiannis, 2014). Fundamentally, Intangibles that are acquired internally are to be expensed. Spending that from explore is recognized as cost when it sustains. The validation of this is that there should be insufficient inevitability as to whether future commercial benefits will occur or not (IASB, 2008). Similarly, the IAS 38 states that development costs shall qualify for the recognition of being intangible assets so long as the following criteria affect. The predominant criterion is the availability of plentiful technical and financial assets to accomplish the advancement. Hence, new product development $300,000 will be technically feasibly recognized in the statement of comprehensive income. Companies that adhere to IFRS classify intangible assets based on their lives. This results into assets with finite lives while others have indefinite lives (Millan, 2005). Tangibles with limited lives should be depreciated over

The Victorian era Essay Example for Free

The Victorian era Essay Magwitchs reaction when Pip shows him where his mother immediately makes the reader feel sorry for him. Now then lookee here! said the man. Wheres your mother? There, sir, Said I. He started, made a short run, and stopped and looked over his shoulder. Due to the fact he is making a short run at the mere mention of someone seeing him, reveals Magwitchs deeper insecurities and fear of being caught. Also the fact he is scared of a woman would create an even greater feeling of sympathy for him, especially amongst those reading in the Victorian era, as it was uncommon to have a man scared of a woman. This reaction also suggests that Magwitch may not be as strong as he originally made out, but is only putting on an act to scare Pip. Magwitch demands Pip bring him file and wittles and as he does so he tilts Pip over the tombstone a little more. You bring em both to me. He tilted me again, Or Ill have your heart and liver torn out. He tilted me again. By recreating the tilting movement again and saying it in the same repetitive manner, represents the mounting fear and unease Pip is experiencing and also stresses the difference in power; with Magwitch at this point, looming over Pip in a menacing manner, thus leading the reader to feel greater sympathy for him in such a situation and much less so for Magwitch. As Pip watches the convict leave, he says glancing about him over the cold wet flat, I wish I was a frog or a eel. Wishing to be a frog or an eel shows us how difficult Magwitch find his surroundings and that in being a frog or an eel means he doesnt not have to suffer in the cold and wet marshes any longer. Also when he says a eel it gives a hint as to the fact the Magwitch is possibly illiterate as he says a eel instead of an eel. This creates sympathy for Magwitch as it not only tells us he is uneducated but also that he may never have had the chance to go to school. Magwitchs departure creates further sympathy for him as he hugged his shuddering body in both arms and limped toward the Low Church wall. The fact he is limping could either indicate he is hurt or that the cold has numbed his body. Either way the reader feels sympathy for Magwitch, as unlike Pip, he does not have the option of going back home. Instead he is forced to pick his way among the nettles, and among brambles. Once again this shows the reader the difficulties he is facing with his surroundings and in turn this makes the reader feel sorry for him as it is clear that he has nowhere else to go. As Pip describes his surroundings once again as the sun is setting, he talks of how he can faintly make out two things on the horizon- a beacon the sailors use to steer and the other, a gibbet, from whose chain a pirate once hung. As Pip describes Magwitch walking towards the latter it gives a sense of foreboding as though something terrible is about to happen and that the gibbet (for Magwitch) might symbolise death. This creates sympathy for Magwitch as it is shown as another reminder to the reader of the punishment he could face if caught. Dickens creates sympathy for his characters, Pip and Magwitch in many ways. By carefully structuring his story; he is able to swing the readers sympathy from Pip to Magwitch as the story progresses. By introducing Pip first, Dickens made the reader feel sympathetic towards his situation. However, he was also able to make the reader empathise with Magwitch as well despite his less than honourable actions. Dickens also uses the characters dialogue and body language to represent how a character feels and what they are thinking.

Using the video case study explain on which extent the organisation :: Business and Management Studies

Using the video case study explain on which extent the organisation keeps their side of the empowerment bargain? Coursework: Using the video case study explain on which extent the organisation keeps their side of the empowerment bargain? Nowadays, a new business process emerges, the empowerment. The context is that managers are working in pair with employees. Managers give opportunity to the staff to give their ideas, and being more involved in the firm as a whole. Its mean more confidence and trust in each other. Does the empowerment way is a threat against the organisation? The aim is to discuss the extent to which the organisation is able to keep their side of the empowerment â€Å"bargain†. Therefore, the following study is supported by the â€Å"Alliance and Leicester Building society†. It occurs in the banking sectors and this firm is a call centre on which the empowerment is present. The two mains actors are the managers on the first hand, and the Customers Service Agents (CSA) on the other hand. The customer service aim is to deliver a rapid answer to the client needs. The CSA are operating directly with the clients while managers are trying to improve the service efficiency. By improving efficiency it means implant and developed the empowerment. Different stages are identified in the firm. Firstly, there is the involvement process characterized by participation and managers attention to the CSA ideas. It is followed by the professional relation in the firms, between managers and CSA. The customers’ relation, like the greeting to the clients and how it is managed. There is an important and crucial step, which is the IT (information technology) point, materialized by the monitoring system. It is named as an â€Å"empowerment tool†. Moreover, there is a surveillance point, with tape record and office structure. Then the work atmosphere and CSA job feeling and future career. Beginning with a brief explanation of the empowerment origin, the following study (of the Alliance and Leiceister empowerment process) aims to focus on the previous empowerment stages to explain if the Control leads the organisation to keep the power of the empowerment â€Å"Bargain†. The call centres can be classified as the perfect example of the globalisation consequence. The globalisation was huge on the past 20 years. Companies grow and expand abroad. The market was not local anymore but international. As much as the firm grow, the competition increased in the same time. The firm were obliged to open their capital to rich investors and the market is now driven by the productivity and efficiency. As it was proposed, shareholders are now driving the firm goals and controlling the managers (Fama and Using the video case study explain on which extent the organisation :: Business and Management Studies Using the video case study explain on which extent the organisation keeps their side of the empowerment bargain? Coursework: Using the video case study explain on which extent the organisation keeps their side of the empowerment bargain? Nowadays, a new business process emerges, the empowerment. The context is that managers are working in pair with employees. Managers give opportunity to the staff to give their ideas, and being more involved in the firm as a whole. Its mean more confidence and trust in each other. Does the empowerment way is a threat against the organisation? The aim is to discuss the extent to which the organisation is able to keep their side of the empowerment â€Å"bargain†. Therefore, the following study is supported by the â€Å"Alliance and Leicester Building society†. It occurs in the banking sectors and this firm is a call centre on which the empowerment is present. The two mains actors are the managers on the first hand, and the Customers Service Agents (CSA) on the other hand. The customer service aim is to deliver a rapid answer to the client needs. The CSA are operating directly with the clients while managers are trying to improve the service efficiency. By improving efficiency it means implant and developed the empowerment. Different stages are identified in the firm. Firstly, there is the involvement process characterized by participation and managers attention to the CSA ideas. It is followed by the professional relation in the firms, between managers and CSA. The customers’ relation, like the greeting to the clients and how it is managed. There is an important and crucial step, which is the IT (information technology) point, materialized by the monitoring system. It is named as an â€Å"empowerment tool†. Moreover, there is a surveillance point, with tape record and office structure. Then the work atmosphere and CSA job feeling and future career. Beginning with a brief explanation of the empowerment origin, the following study (of the Alliance and Leiceister empowerment process) aims to focus on the previous empowerment stages to explain if the Control leads the organisation to keep the power of the empowerment â€Å"Bargain†. The call centres can be classified as the perfect example of the globalisation consequence. The globalisation was huge on the past 20 years. Companies grow and expand abroad. The market was not local anymore but international. As much as the firm grow, the competition increased in the same time. The firm were obliged to open their capital to rich investors and the market is now driven by the productivity and efficiency. As it was proposed, shareholders are now driving the firm goals and controlling the managers (Fama and

Power Struggles and the Strong Woman

Katherine Hui RAYMOND WATERS CWL320 30 November 2011 POWER STRUGGLES AND THE STRONG WOMAN â€Å"Morning Glory†, directed by Roger Mitchell, is a romantic comedy and a reification of morning television. It is heavily coated in a formula base plot – the female protagonist is faced with obstacles in which she must overcome to prove her worth to those who have doubted her wrong; while simultaneously balancing her love interest. One of the most prominent archetypes in comedy is the strong woman archetype. The strong woman plays an outstanding role portraying power struggles, especially in the workplace.Becky Fuller, 28, is a high-energy and wide-eyed assistant producer. She quickly becomes a likable character in which the audience cannot help but root for. Through her struggles with pursuing her dreams of becoming an executive producer at the Today Show, Becky finds herself hired to revitalize a morning show in turmoil. Throughout the movie she experiences struggles with her self, her network, and the male alazon – Mike Pomeroy, a former news anchor acclaimed for his experience in covering â€Å"real† news.There is a parallel growth between all the characters in the movie as well as the morning show itself. The movie begins with a date, visually framing Becky’s obvious social ineptness and her overt dedication to work. Because of her job in early morning news, the audience sees her on a â€Å"3p. m. dinner† date with a marketing executive, whose job adds into the irony of the duo. Becky is chained to her phone and unable to talk about anything other than her work. She stumbles over her words and acts as if she were still a pubescent teenager on her first date.The marketing executive immediately realizes her awkwardness and incapacity to remove herself from her job and quickly asks for the check. Here the audience sympathizes for Becky, seeing her struggle in trying to fulfill one of life’s basic needs: companionship. T he date is followed by a montage of her daily routine in which we see Becky in her comfort zone; in complete control of what she is passionate about: work. The audience sees the contrast between her dedication with work and struggles ith men; and is able to feel a sense of admiration and respect for the character. Although she lacks in being able to make social connections she makes up for in her devotion to her work. Becky is a highly dedicated to her job at Good Morning New Jersey. She is the â€Å"first one in, last one out and knows a shitload more about news than someone’s whose daddy paid them to smoke bongs and talk semiotics at Harvard. † Becky is tipped off that she would be promoted to executive producer, something that she has pursued since she was 18.Instead she is laid off and expectantly replaced by a male who has more experience with an education from Harvard. This is a constant struggle in society today; women are underrated and easily replaced in the w ork place. The strong women archetype serves to prove society wrong through the comic spirit theme. Although Becky is consistently faced with others doubt in her – including her own mother – she perseveres through the negativity as the strong woman and is given the opportunity as an executive producer on Daybreak, a â€Å"perpetually fourth rated morning show† at IBS.On Becky’s first day she is already confronted with multiple complications: her boss’s lack of faith, the show’s low morale, and its semi-talented staff. Quickly she proves that she posses the type of assertiveness and ardent attitude that Daybreak desperately needs, making the executive decision to fire a long running co-anchor Paul McVee, the epitome of the conceitedness and one of the main reasons for the show’s low morale. Becky again faces another challenge: finding the perfect replacement. Daybreak’s low budget forces Becky to find an unconventional way to hi re a new anchor.Through her wit and ability to think on her feet she finds a loophole in one of IBS’s contracted and retired news anchors. Mike Pomeroy, the braggart male, is a world-renowned and respected television journalist. His opinion of morning television is far from low and is highly reluctant in having to co-anchor Daybreak, finally he is forced to accept the position due to his six million dollar contract with IBS. Pomeroy refuses to cover anything â€Å"un-newsworthy† and becomes a constant struggle in Becky’s effort to improve the show.Pomeroy disregards all of Becky’s requests, even getting drunk before his first day at work, further conveying his role as the braggart male. Becky withstands anything that Pomeroy throws at her, paralleling her strength to his experience. Pomeroy compares morning entertainment to a worthless sugary â€Å"donut†, in which Becky counters by comparing hard news to a boring â€Å"bran muffin. † Both c haracters finally come to reconciliation when they collaborate on their first breaking news story, covering the live arrest of New Jersey’s governor on charges of racketeering.Becky is elated and compares their breakthrough to a â€Å"bran donut. † She is faced with yet another challenge: improving Daybreaks ratings or having to face cancellation. One challenge that television faces today is the quality of entertainment. Often time’s ratings are based on controversy and popular culture and the dumb-ing down of information to appease the commercial audience. Becky fully understands what viewers want and overlooks this issue, completely devoting herself into doing absolutely anything to increase ratings.Through the strong woman archetype Becky shows that she has a clear vision and proves to her co-workers that she has a concrete strategy and ability to meet the audiences needs. Her dedication rally’s morale and like Lysistrata she is able to persuade her cr ew to be just as committed as she is. Becky performs miracles, introducing new segments and changing everything from the weather broadcast to their interviews. This progression is farced paced, paralleling the show’s increasing success.As Daybreak’s ratings go up they’re able to gain access to more famous celebrities, which in turn increases ratings even more. The show’s breaking point comes with Becky’s and Pomeroy’s â€Å"bran donut,† signifying her achievement at Daybreak and her ability to overcome the tribulations of the male alazon through her strong will and perseverance. Throughout the plot Becky becomes romantically involved with Adam Bennett, another producer at IBS. Although â€Å"Morning Glory† is a romantic comedy, it touches lightly on Becky’s relationship with Adam, focusing more on her exchanges with Pomeroy.Expectantly, Becky struggles with removing herself from work while trying to build a relationship with her love interest. Her dedication to work is her Achilles’ heal as well as her inimitable strength. Adam is able to overlook her awkwardness, even to the point adoration. The show’s successes and downfalls parallel with Becky’s growth in her ability to sustain a relationship. Towards the end of the movie, like with all romantic comedies, she is finally able to overlook her obsessions and succeed in overcoming her disability to make a romantic connection.The comic spirit seeks to exhibit strength in those who deserve a chance to exhibit greatness; those who are overlooked by society’s standards. In â€Å"Morning Glory,† Becky’ Fuller’s enduring strength, forceful determination, and self-belief transcends beyond any high profiled work experience or degree from Harvard. Daybreak’s growth parallels with Becky’s relationship with Mike Pomeroy as well the crew’s morale. Becky is a prime example of the strong woman archetype and she triumphs over her inner struggles as well as struggles with the higher forces of society.

Never Defeated

Although these words may seem simple, the readers of this novel can learn so much from them. There is a significant difference between these terms, and Santiago thoughts. Words. And actions from the beginning to end of the novel are key examples of the differentiation. Santiago, the protagonist of the novel, is a wise old fisherman who has gone eighty-four consecutive days without catching a single fish. One would think that after so many unsuccessful days that Santiago spirit would be shattered, but day after day of the extensive fishing drought the old man refuses to let it bring him down. Everything about him was old except his eyes and they were the same color s the sea and were cheerful and undefeated† (Hemingway 10). Instead of giving up and quitting, Santiago decides to head back out into the waters and is set on changing his luck. On the eighty-fifth day, Santiago finds himself in a face off against an eighteen-foot long marlin; however, he is not able to bring the marl in in right away due to its large size and ability to fight back against him. The struggle between Santiago and the humongous fish goes on for what seems like a never ending three days.Santiago isn't Just up against the fish; however, but also is in a constant battle tit hunger, exhaustion, and deep cuts on his hands. Nevertheless, he continues to have faith, hope, and trust in himself that he will persevere and conquer all the challenges despite the circumstances. â€Å"It is silly not to hope. I believe It Is a sin† (Hemingway 104). After three tiring days, Santiago ends up catching the marlin, which was the biggest fish he had ever seen. Although he was in lots of pain, was exhausted, and felt beat up, he never once was defeated. After Santiago reels In the big fish, he faces another hurdle: getting home.The fight against the fish was a usurious task, but none of his struggles would compare to what he would have to fight through to get back. In order to obtain the marlin, Santiago had to thrust his harpoon Into Its side, which caused the marlin's blood to coat the waves. The fish blood attracts sharks, resulting In countless shark attacks that Santiago had to fight off. However, he still perseveres. â€Å"I'll fight them until the day I die† (Hemingway 115). After battling the sharks with any defensive object on board he could find, the only thing that is left of the marlin is its skeleton.All the meat from the fish that could eve Ted so many people was t tort the sharks. Santiago and a connection to the fish due to all the struggling they suffered through together; therefore, when the sharks are eating the marlin, Santiago feels destroyed as well. Although the sharks may have won over the flesh of the marlin, nothing could take away the victory of catching the great fish from Santiago. Santiago, like the fish, may have been a bit physically destroyed, but mentally he is never defeated. Even when it looked like all hope was lost, his bravery a nd dignity kept him going all the way to the finish line.Santiago accomplishment was something so permanent, that he became undetectable. Throughout the novel, Santiago faced many struggles, but he never lost hope and never gave up. His determination, work ethic, and positive attitude all led him to overcoming the greatest challenge he had and would ever face. Each and every moment, Santiago did whatever he had to do to the best of his ability in order to achieve what he wanted, no matter what troubles transpired. Even though challenges and struggles had the power to take away chances of Santiago success, his spirit remained undefeated, for he was going to always keep trying no matter hat.So many life lessons can be learned from this novel. Santiago quote, â€Å"A man can be destroyed but not defeated† (Hemingway 103), can be applied to one's life, Just like it is in the book. In order for Santiago to be successful he had to put his whole self into what he wanted and stand st rong when difficulty struck, Just like people today and in the past have to do. People can also learn that excuses must not exist in life because all they do is corrupt one's mind, making accomplishing something they want extend more out of reach. Finally, in life, as long as one's best effort is given at al times, nothing can bring them down.One may fall over and over again, but as long as they keep standing back up, they will never be defeated. Throughout life, people are presented with events to test how strong they truly are, Just like Santiago was. However, challenges open people up to opportunity and chances. If one puts their whole mind, body, and soul into something, they are bound to be successful in anything they do. Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea, teaches readers so many lessons; however, the biggest they can take away from it is to never give up. Never

Rationale and impact of Japan’s expansionary fiscal policy and monetary easing The WritePass Journal

Rationale and impact of Japan’s expansionary fiscal policy and monetary easing Introduction Rationale and impact of Japan’s expansionary fiscal policy and monetary easing GDP of $6 trillion (IMF, 2012). It has, in recent years, shown signs of economic recovery with GDP growing at an annualized rate of 3.5 percent with the realization of 0.9 percent growth in the three months to March compared to the previous quarter. At the end of 2012, the Japanese economy, emerging from the recession grew at a rate of 1 percent (Evan, 2013; Anatoe, 2013). This growth and recovery is attributed to an attempt to stimulate the economy through aggressive monetary easing by the country’s central bank, the Bank of Japan, as well as big government spending. These decisive steps are contained in a new economic policy fronted by Japan’s Prime Minister, Shinzo Abe, popularly referred to as ‘Abenomics’ (Anatoe, 2013). This paper explores the rationale of Japan’s expansionary fiscal policy and monetary easing, discussing their impact on both the domestic and global economy over the short and longer term with regard to relevant theory. In an endeavour to resolve macroeconomic problems facing the country, Japan, in a complete break from the past, is pursuing the recently introduced policy package consisting of a three-pronged approach including: a flexible fiscal policy, a bold monetary policy and a growth strategy focused on encouraging private sector investment. The country is actively pursuing both an expansionary fiscal policy and monetary easing to revitalize the economy, ridding it of the deflation that it has suffered for two decades (Anatoe, 2013). Deflation in the economy is evidence of persistently inadequate demand (Case and Fair, 2006), with Japan’s national income (in nominal terms), despite perceived growth in the economy, still actually less than it was in 1994 (Evan, 2013). In the view of many economists regarding Japan’s economic challenges, macroeconomic stimulus concentrated on boosting demand, as pursued in the ‘Abenomics’ policy package, was long overdue (David, 2013; Anatoe, 2013; Evan, 2013). Post world war two, Japan rebuilt itself industrially and in sustaining a weak Yen and maintaining low labour costs, was able to flood Western markets with its exports. It, thus, was able to channel money back into society thereby realizing consistent economic assent. However, in the 1980s, shifts in dollar value and subsequent interventions led to the strengthening of the Yen. In an attempt to counter this unfavourable strengthening, the Bank of Japan (BOJ) issued vast quantities of Yen, massively increasing the money base (Anatoe, 2013). This easy money coupled with very low interest rates drove real estate and stock prices upwards to unreasonable levels, exacerbated by money inflows from the US and Europe. The country entered an econom ic bubble which subsequently burst wiping out tens of trillions of dollars in wealth and massive tumbles in asset prices (Evan, 2013; The Economist, 2013). To counter the tumble, BOJ increased spending and tried to encourage more lending, arranged bailouts of banks and insolvent firms leading to a cycle of stagnation, and continuously lowered interest rates, to its lowest 0.1%. Pensions and life-savings were wiped out and people became risk averse (Evan, 2013). A negative birth rate and the resulting shift in demographics is a significant structural problem that has led to the shrinking of the productive segment of the population and production capacity with dire economic and social implications contributing to the two decade stagnation (David, 2013; Anatoe, 2013). The country is at a tipping point and in the two decades has been living off past savings and sustaining its lifestyle, maintaining the faà §ade of equilibrium through deficit spending, backed by internal borrowing. Despite extreme growth in debt, this has insulated it against the kind of crises seen in Europe (Evan, 2013). This dire scenario necessitates the bold and drastic stimulus measures such as contained in the ‘Abenomics’ policy package (Anatoe, 2013; The Economist, 2013). Such measures are in line with the circular flow of income economic model which describes the reciprocal cycle of incomes between producers on the one hand and consumers on the other. With the unlimited and recurring nature of human wants driving demand and continuous production, these entities provide each other with factors that facilitate the circular flow of income. Firms provide consumers with goods and services in exchange for their monetary expenditure, with another level of their engagement involving exchange of factors of production such as land, labour and capital for rent, wages, interest and profits. This latter income for the household sector drives expenditure and consumption from the business sector completing the continuous cycle (Hansen, 2003; O Sullivan and Steven, 2003). The more realistic five- sector model of the circular flow of income entails producers and consumers, in addition to financial, government, overseas sectors engaged and influencing the cycle. A state of equilibrium in the circular flow of income occurs when the total leakages from the economy (savings, taxes and imports decreasing money supply) equal total injections (investment, government expenditure and exports increasing money supply). States of disequilibrium affect income, production (output), expenditure and employment with their levels falling leading to recession or contraction of economic activity if leakage surpasses injections or rise leading to boom and expansion if injections exceed levels of leakage (Case and Fair, 2006). Reduction of income leads households to cut down on savings and expenditures in taxation and importation leading to a fall in leakage. This is driven until leakages equal the lower injections into the economy thereby lowering the level of equilibrium and vice versa. This model outlines the interdependence of the various factors interplaying in the economy, balancing production and consumption through controls such as incomes and, therefore, demand and expenditure (Vladimir, 2011). Fiscal and monetary policy strategies seek to bring the economy to a level of equilibrium, or when necessary, to encourage disequilibrium which gives a semblance of growth, increasing injections into the economy and thereby fostering boom and expansion in the economy. It also serves to temper growth when the economy heats up (O Sullivan and Steven, 2003). To restart Japan’s battered economy and to drive it into a growth path, there was need for such drastic measures increasing the requisite injection s and thereby safeguarding the economy from the unfavourable recession and a contraction of the overall economy (Heyne, Boettke, and Prychitko, 2002). The stimulus package entailed a 10.3 trillion Yen stimulus, the takeover of Japan’s Central Bank which hitherto was unwilling to undertake the required bold experiments in monetary policy, and commitment to clear-cut comprehensive structural reform (The Economist, 2013). These initiatives were founded upon Keynesian economic theories based on the belief that proactive actions of government comprise the only means to steer the economy. Government should employ its power to increase spending and create an easy money environment thereby increasing aggregate demand (Galor, 2005). These stimulus measures have received a good report from various analysts with most perceiving Japan’s economy to be on the right track to recovery. This is evidenced by citations of a jump in individual spending on the back of a rally in Japanese stocks, as well as recovering exports. Of note is the rise of the main Nikkei 225 45% this year with the 3.5% anticipated growth rate expected to outpace major economies such as the US and the Eurozone (The Economist, 2013). Falling prices deter spending both by business and consumers (injections) with their tendency to hold out for a better deal with a consequence of reduced demand overall. Pumping trillions of Yen into the money supply (leakage) has therefore been beneficial in pushing down the currency’s value and has significantly helped exporters enhancing their competitiveness in overseas markets and increasing the value of the profits repatriated (Anatoe, 2013). This has also led to the huge rally in Japanese stocks as investors rush to take advantage of the potential for companies to acquire bigger earnings (Evan, 2013). Despite the plan’s short-term success, some analysts are however questioning the sustainability of the recovery. Hesitation by companies to boost their investment in spite of improved business sentiment is cited pointing at company spending which fell 0.7% in the three months although an increase was expected (Evan, 2013). Convincing companies to spend is a key part of the stimulus plan enabling the pulling of the country out of deflation.   Also crucial is the interplay between Japan and other countries its neighbours, relates to and competes against, notably China, Taiwan and South Korea. The monetary and fiscal stimulus designed to end chronic deflation has seen a sharp devaluation of the Yen which is not only unsustainable, but also unfair to other countries. This type of recovery is unfair since it comes at the expense of Japan’s trading partners and geopolitics, with strong economic policy reactions from Japan’s neighbours almost inevitable (David, 2013). There is a risk of their interference in the foreign exchange markets to stop the appreciation of their currencies with trade disputes likely to emerge against certain Japanese exports and increasing scrutiny of Japanese investments (David, 2013). Such moves will prove unfavourable to Japan’s external trade in the longer term. The challenge going into the future is in seeking to deliver anticipated economic growth following the unprecedented macroeconomic expansion. What is needed is sustainable growth in the longer term and this requires the restructuring of the economy, enhancing overall productivity and increasing the participation of the labour force in production (Vladimir, 2011). Economists and investment analysts looking from the bottom-up are more sceptical citing profound structural problems such as Japan’s shrinking population, misallocation of investment, huge public debt, inflexible labour practices, unimaginative management, protectionist lobbies among others, which can hardly be fixed through monetary policy measures (Evan, 2013). Macro-investors, on the other hand, are contented with the positive fiscal and monetary expansion and consider it a good opportunity to buy Japanese equities and to sell the Yen. If this latter group maintain their bullish run, with enough conviction to troun ce the scepticism of the bottom-up investors, Japans economy in its present reality could change in the longer term (The Economist, 2013). Despite initial success in shoring up the stock market and increasing expenditure in the short term, the transmission mechanisms linking the monetary policy to long term economic outcomes for Japans economy remain fragile. To ensure a sustainable long-term increase in productive capacity, there is need for plans to fix the deep structural and demographic problems the country faces (The Economist, 2013). Most of these factors are however beyond government control and it can therefore just set the tone, encouraging players in the economy to support the policy measures. An example of this is corporate labour practices under the control of the private sector/business (Vladimir, 2011). References Anatoe, K., 2013. The radical force of Abenomics. Reuters (May, 17). Viewed from: http://blogs.reuters.com/anatole-kaletsky/2013/05/17/the-radical-force-of-abenomics/ Case, K., and R., Fair, 2006. Principles of Macroeconomics. Prentice Hall. David Li, 2013. Abenomics will only damage Japan’s neighbours. Financial Times (22, May) Evan S., 2013. Testing Abenomics. Bloomberg view (June 6, 2013). Viewed from bloomberg.com/news/2013-06-06/testing-abenomics-.html Galor O., 2005. From Stagnation to Growth: Unified Growth Theory. Handbook of Economic Growth, Elsevier Hansen, B., 2003. The Economic Theory of Fiscal Policy. Volume 3. Routledge. Heyne, P., P., Boettke, D., Prychitko, 2002. The Economic Way of Thinking. (10th ed). Prentice Hall. IMF, 2012. Statistics on the Growth of the Global Gross Domestic Product (GDP) from 2003 to 2013. October, 2012. O Sullivan, A., M., Steven, 2003. Economics: Principles in action. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Pearson Prentice Hall. The Economist, 2013. Japan and Abenomics: Once more with feeling. May, 18. Tokyo Vladimir N., 2011. Econodynamics. The Theory of Social Production. Springer: Berlin.

Definition and Examples of Infinitive Phrases

Definition and Examples of Infinitive Phrases Definition In English grammar, an infinitive phrase is a  verbal construction made up of the particle to and the base form of a verb, with or without modifiers, complements, and objects. Also called an  infinitival phrase and a to-infinitive phrase. An infinitive phrase can function as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb, and it can appear in various places in a sentence. Examples and Observations The only way to never fail is to never attempt anything.â€Å"To laugh  is  to live profoundly.†(Milan Kundera,  The Book of Laughter and Forgetting, 1979)The specific images presented on film are often hard to remember in the same way that dreams are hard to remember.(J. F. Pagel, The Limits of Dream. Academic Press, 2008)[N]ot everyone has the same ability to remember dreams.(Peretz Lavie, The Enchanted World of Sleep. Yale University Press, 1996)In the course of my life I have often had to eat my words, and I must confess that I have always found it a wholesome diet.(Winston Churchill, quoted in Churchill by Himself by Richard Langworth. PublicAffairs, 2008)Im Luke Skywalker. Im here to rescue you.(Mark Hamill as Luke in Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope, 1977)Jane and Frank had driven cross-country to rescue you from the paint-peeling orphanage in Lovelock.(Charles Stross, Rule 34. Ace, 2011)Im honored to be the first woman to have the opportunity to command the shutt le.(U.S. Air Force Colonel Eileen Collins, July 1999) I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I had come to die, discover that I had not lived.(Henry David Thoreau, Walden, 1854)Yes, yes, the past gets in the way; it trips us up, bogs us down; it complicates, makes difficult. But to ignore this is folly, because, above all, what history teaches us is to avoid illusion and make-believe, to lay aside dreams, moonshine, cure-alls, wonder-workings, pie-in-the skyto be realistic.(Graham Swift, Waterland. Poseidon Press, 1983) Infinitives With Delayed Subjects There is a relationship between it and the infinitive phrase in the sentence It took so long to get there? One role that an infinitive can fill is that of the delayed subject. Sentences with delayed subjects always begin with the dummy it, a dummy element that takes the place of some word(s) in a sentence. . . . In the callers sentence, the dummy it fills the place of the subject to get there. The true subject, the infinitive phrase, is delayed till the end of the sentence. To verify that this is truly a delayed subject, replace the dummy it with the infinitive phrase. To get there took so long. The infinitive phrase moves easily from its place at the end as a delayed subject to the front of the sentence where it becomes a normal subject.(Michael Strumpf and Auriel Douglas, The Grammar Bible. Owl Book, 2004) Infinitives With For [A] variant of the infinitive phrase begins with for and is often followed by a personal noun or pronoun. Examples for these are: [INFINITIVES WITH FOR] Physicians are generally eligible for independent licensure to practice primary care specialities at this point. Federal officials said they leave time for parents to make arrangements for their children, and refer them to a social service agency if necessary. I said all right; then the thing for us to do was to go for the magicians. In general speech and writing, we tend to shorten infinitives to the particle plus verb base for general reference. a. [INFINITIVE PHRASE] I said, all right; then the thing for us to do was to go for the magicians. b. [HI/INFINITIVE PHRASE REDUCED] I said, all right; then the thing . . . to do was to go for the magicians. However, if the reference is specific to a person, thing or topic, it is necessary to include it. a. [SPECIFIC NOUN INFINITIVE PHRASE/HI]​​ It was no new thing for David to play the sunset. By the end of a fortnight David had brought his fathers violin for Joe to practice on. Whichever way it was, there was always sure to be something waiting at the end for him and his violin to discover. Because the reference is made specifically to David, Joe, and him and his violin, the infinitive phrase cannot be shortened without losing part of the meaning of the sentence. (Bernard ODwyer, Modern English Structures: Form, Function, And Position, 2nd ed. Broadview, 2006)

Psychometric Testing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Psychometric Testing - Essay Example The initial point prior to selecting an evaluation or other methodology should be the job needs. Even though increasingly involving attitudes of people, individual specifications most of the time have their shortcomings. For instance it is ordinary to find irrelevant or opposing attitudes classifies under one skill. The display of skill itself is specialized, utilizing procedures from organizations, observation and case studies to complicated processes involving significant case interviewing. Not all of these methodologies will be applicable in all situations, but if no organized process is implemented to enhance the skill model, it will have been established on a subjective foundation, perhaps weird to users and will not include the 80% of the 80/20 policy. According to the study conducted by Golombok (1999), capability and personality assessments compose the greater portion of what is typically utilized in psychometric evaluation for hiring, while the drive and preference inventories are also implemented from time to time. Even though the option is varied - with more than 5,000 examinations in print in common languages - a tiny subset is utilized by majority of the users. This implies that a person may view an applicant who has possessed quite substantial experience of the similar methodology and undoubtedly some benefits thereby. Even though the scope of this should not be a cause of confusion - particular memory will be assumed to lapse within a few weeks- it does involve a noise element, so it is wise to see what the applicant's past experience has actually been. A benefit of psychometrics is objectivity, which is made possible because of standardized procedures. This has been proven by the research of Parkinson (2005). This is implemented specifically to capability examinations where there is usually a direct and normally basic comparison with a constant organization. In personality evaluation, even though personal scales are standardized there is a further degree of study normally needed to analyze the entire pattern. With a versatile personality assessment, this outcome can be compared with a standard identity, deciphered from analyzing attitudes and behaviors against the skills model. Nevertheless there may not be associated norm organizations for intensely specialized or higher job designations. Most individuals are aware of psychometrics with their combination of communicative organizational exercises and responsibilities. As a matter of fact the utilization of various psychometric evaluations against various skills analysis of workers is amongst the advantages of the methodology. According to the study of Carter (2001), one of the benefits they possess over other evaluation procedures is that they can include the managers of the company as the evaluators of the applicants themselves. Also, as psychometrics does not eat up much of the budget it is ordinary especially the senior managers to be involved in the employee evaluation process. Evaluators can be also hired from the Human Resource division or more typically from an outside organization. The critical risk here is that the goal detail of psychometric results may be disregarded as subjective observations from a solitary, often narrowly based, interview cases, come to the fore. Psychometric evaluations with queries pertaining to particular skills of workers give the general form here, but there exists plenty

Management Accounting (I WILL UPLOAD THE SUBJECT) Assignment

Management Accounting (I WILL UPLOAD THE SUBJECT) - Assignment Example Under the following sections, each of the budget and projected financial statements are briefly discussed along with the assumptions taken to complete these projections. Assumptions 1. There are two types of raw materials to produce the final product named as Kungfu and Jodu respectively. 2. As far as the labour is concerned, two types of labour, is used according to their level of skills namely as skilled and non-skilled labour. 3. The company has invested in two types of capital expenditures such as furniture and equipment. Other non-current assets are acquired on rentals by the company. 4. Two selling prices are set by the company for first and last six months of the year such that the selling price for first six months is set to be ?300 and for the last six months, it is set as ?320 per unit. 5. For material and labour prices, it is assumed that these prices will remain same in the whole year. 6. For overheads, it is assumed that they are going to be 60% of the labour cost. 7. Cl osing stock is estimated to be 15% of the sales volume of the upcoming month. 8. Collection for sales is to be completed in such a manner that around 70% of the sales are to be obtained in the month of sales whereas the remainder of the collection is going to be completed in the next month. 9. For purchases, the company has estimated that around 80% of the purchases are going to be made in their corresponding months whereas the remaining amount will be paid in the next month. 10. For other expenses like labour and overheads, the payments are to be made the moment they arise. 11. Around ?2,500 is going to be taken out in the form of drawings every month by the owners. 12. Income tax rate is going to be applied at 30% of the income before tax. 13. The rate of depreciation is set to be 30% with the straight-line method Discussion Unit Cost The unit cost of the product â€Å"Karate† consists of three basic ingredients such as direct material cost, direct labour cost and overheads (Kinney and Raiborn, 2009). The total unit cost of Karate is expected to be ?221. If this per unit cost is split in all three components, direct material consumes around ?165, direct labour consumes around ?35 and overheads constitutes around ?21. Budgets The product budgeting purpose is served with the preparation of six kinds of budgets namely as Fixed Expenditure, Sales, Purchases, Production, Direct Labour, and Cash Budget. Comprehensive figures are accounted for the preparation of these budgets such that each budget consists of, not only having the annual figures but also monthly figures. Since this is the first year of the operations of the business, therefore, it is assumed that the start-up capital of the business is ?50,000. The following discussion takes into account each budget briefly: The fixed expenditure budget consists of ?50,000 cumulatively such that the business has planned to spend ?45,000 at the start and ?5,000 after six months of the start of the business. Fo r furniture, ?10,000 amount is reserved and for equipment, ?40,000 will be used. As far as the sales budget is concerned, 300 units are anticipated for the sale purpose in the 1st three months, followed by 365 units in the next six months and in the last quarter, the sales unit are expected to be 400 units. The

Do violent video games contribute to youth violence Research Paper

Do violent video games contribute to youth violence - Research Paper Example The environment plays a significant role in changing  the character of a person. What person practices severally in his or her life becomes a lifestyle that they have to live with (Cooper and Zimmerman (1). An investigation was conducted to establish a relationship between playing violence video games and the violent behavior among the youths. The study involved 161 children between the age of nine and twelve years, and 354 college scholars (Cheryl 1). The participants were picked randomly to take part in either nonviolent or violent video games. All the participants were involved in another computer game in which they were allowed to decide the punishment to be administered to the player participating in that game. The researchers gathered the details of the participants regarding their previous violence behavior. From the result of the study, it was observed that those who engaged in violent video games exhibited some form of violence behavior. The participants who were involved in any of the violent game chose tougher punishment for their opponent compared to those who played nonviolent games. Therefore, from the analysis of the study the researchers came to the conclusion that violence video games influence the youth to engage in violent behavior. The violent video games influence the characters of the participants. Playing video games engages someone’s mind and becomes biased towards a certain character in the game. The players of violence video games tend to identify with particular characters and assumes same visual standpoint (Cheryl 1). When players identify with violent characters they are likely to develop violent behavior. The players develop feelings of hunger, aggressiveness, short temper and their emotions are easily aroused. Furthermore, the players are rewarded as they move to a higher level and it occurs after subduing the enemies. The habit of rewarding players who have managed to defeat

Lao Culture and Business Etiquette

Lao Culture and Business Etiquette Lao is located in South-East Asia. It is one of the long history countries with well-established traditional in Asia. Laos has its own culture, traditional which is quite similar to other countries in South-East Asia However, Laoss culture is strongly influenced by religious, Buddhism believe and also nearby countries such as Thailand, Cambodia, and Burma. For people who come from different country, they always have a big crash in culture shock. They must learn and get used to Lao culture which is very important for their new living place. Normally, when they have conversation with Laos, they should use their eyes and common sense to navigate and learn Laos culture. Here is some information guideline for foreigner should know: Greeting Laos has its own traditional greeting called Nob where palms are placed together and held in front of the chest or face. The person who is in the lower level/position in social or younger should give a bow or greeting first, then but the oder or l/higher level/position in social person will respond greeting back. There are many levels for showing respect to the person in greeting with Nob. The higher of the hands holding level and the lower of the bow means the higher the degree of respect. During Nob, one should smile and say hello together with. Sa Bai Dee is a word used for the same purpose as Hello. Its general meaning is How are you or Im fine. It is also used for meaning I am doing well. It is common in Laos to ask others if they already had dining or meal after greeting. When persons ask this question, they do not normally purpose for the answer but they show their care to those persons they ask. Nation Pride The Lao are truly  happy  being Laos. The Lao  accept  for who are they, what they are doing and  proud  in their long histories and well-established traditions. They appreciate when foreigner shows interest in their culture. Word expression Laos is a feeling sensitive culture. They care for other people feeling. Lao have many words to describe about their feeling and to express how they think. Laos words that are often used in everyday life are Bo Penh Nyang and Tham Ma Dha. These two words have various meaning according to the context. However, all meanings are related and influence by a Buddhist perspective. Bo Penh Nyang directly means No problem. It also has other meanings as never mind or are you all right? In some case, Bo Penh Nyang used with someone did something wrong to express that the action is forgiven. Tham Ma Dha is the word from Buddhist thinking, means everything goes on it way. In everyday life situation, it means average, the norm or everything process as usual. Religious Culture Similar to other countries in South-East Asia, Lao culture is influenced by Buddhism believe.. Buddhism deeply binds with Laoss everyday life and their ways of thinking also their traditional. With Buddhist teaching about the ways of things that things are as they are and as they should be, Lao easily accept the changing. Moreover, Buddhism religious always teach people to be peace and respect to each other. This builds Laos society to be a peaceful living. Lao people also highly give respect to monk and religious related things. Religious and Temple is the center of Lao mental conduct. Body conduct In Laos, as in most Buddhist cultures, head is considered the most precious/highest part of the body. In the other hand, the feet are the least sacred/lowest part of the body. There are many manners and aspects that are related to body conduct. It is necessary to remember this conduct whenever in Laos. Laos do not play other head as it is consider as the high part of body. Dress In big city and urban area, Laos dress the modern cloths in the same way as the western do. However, short and revealing clothes are generally not acceptable in Lao culture. In temple, everybody must wear polite cloth such as women must wear long pant or dress to cover their knee with long sleeve and must not show their chest. Losing face Losing face is a very sensitive situation for Laos. Losing face in public is a humiliated thing. Lao are afraid of being insulted. before talking about something or doing some action, those stuff should be reconsidered if it will cause losing face to anybody. Any form of confrontation for winner and loser which might lead to losing face must be avoided. Business Etiquette Dos DO say Sa Bai Dee as a greeting word in Lao with Laos traditional greeting. If you dont know how to greet in Laos tradition way, it is better to bow a little bit and say hello with a smile. Do smile a lot, Lao people love peaceful atmosphere. They always smile to each other. Do avoid showing affection in public. Lao are quite conservative. Greeting are any action with affection of person is not widely accepts even within the same gender. DO dress with neat and clean business suites for meetings. Lao are easily getting impressed by outside cloths. Do wear polite dress when visiting government, office and temple. Appropriate dress and behavior when entering places are essential. shorts or sleeveless shirts or flip flop is impolite dress. DO take off your shoes when invited into your Lao business colleagues home. Lao people try to keep their places clean. Taking hat and shoes off also are showing respect to the places. Lao appreciate and expect foreigner to do the same. Do crouch your back down when walking pass someone sitting, especially the elder. Lao highly give respect to elder. Also, as crouching back, body of walking person is consider as not higher than sitting person. Do show respect to Buddhism. Foreigner should show respect and be careful on their action in the temples area. Do speak respectful about the religion. One important thing about Buddhism is women should not touch Monks. Donts Do not touch anyone on the head. As head is the most sacred part of the Laos body, touching head is considered as very impolite behavior Dont put your feet on table or chair and shouldnt sit with crossed-leg or point your feet to anyone. The same thing as the previous one, Lao believe that Head is high and Feet are Low. Dont take any people photo without permission. You must ask them first to permission if they are ok or not. Do not shout or raise your voice or lose temper in public. Lao people speak softly and avoid confrontation. Speaking or shouting in loud voice may frighten them. It is also considered as uneducated or uncivilized person. People who lose their temper in public might be looked down on from other people. Do not involving with illegal stuff and sex tourism. The use of drugs is illegal in Laos.. The selling of wildlife and wildlife products should be avoided. Trading antique Buddha, sacred items and other old artifacts are prohibited. They are not allowed to be taken out of Laos. You might have problem when leaving Laos. Sex tourism is also illegal in Lao Business Practical Business Value Business culture in Laos is different from westerners business culture. In order to understand the difference of business culture between different cultures, the person has to have real experience and navigate deeply in the culture. The comparison of the value emphases that can be found for each culture, Laos and Western, are listed in the following Table.1. This table is derived from real experience of western businessman in Lao with his point of view and his own navigating. It can be used as a guideline for more understanding Laos business value. Relationship Businesses are often based on personal relations developed within social circles. In Laos business culture, work and social relationship are getting along and depend on each other. Since the emphasis placed on personal relationships is high, having a reliable and well-connected local agent or representative is crucial to the success of a foreign venture. Lao are seeking for trusted and credible relationships. Relationships progress slowly in Laos with the step-by-step approach. Asking Laos partner about their family, traditions, culture help foreigner understand their Laos partner better and also effective in building the relationship. View of Time Punctuality Lao people are not so punctual. They are often late for the appointment. Normally, they do not have exact plan and time table for their schedule. Foreigner should learn how the locals plan their time and keep their sense of time flexible. However, punctuality from foreign partner is appreciated Business Hours Official office hours are from 8:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. and from 1:00 p.m. to 4:00 p.m. from Monday to Friday. In factories and private companies work hours can be extended according to the laws allowance. Business Etiquette Greeting In business, nowadays, handshaking is becoming increasingly common during the conduct of business but only for people with same gender. Men and women should avoid public displays of affection. However, Laos traditional greeting is preferred. Naming Lao people should be called by their first names, with their title Mr//Ms//Madame or Than (in Lao) before the name. In the special occasion or to give higher honors, last name or their family name should be followed after their first name. Dress In Laos business, dress code for business is an importance. Men should wear western clothing such as shirt and trousers for normal business occasion. For special occasion, lightweight suits with tie should be worn. Women usually wear long skirts or blouse with long sleeve covering the shoulders and upper legs. Womens business cloth should avoid showing skin. Another important thing for dressing is perfumes. Laos are quite sensitive to odour. Westerners who have strong body odour should wear soft perfumes. Clean and neat cloths help in giving impression to Laos. Language Official language is Lao. English and Fresh are also commonly used in Business. However, French is more widely used, spoken and understood than English. Business cards When doing business in Lao, carry lots of business cards. Business card exchange is common in Laos business practice. Business cards should be translated into Lao and printed out.   A common used one is to have English version on one side and Lao version on the other side. In business card exchanging, cards should be given and received using both hands. Giving business card with this posture shows honor and humble to the person whom is dealed with. Exchanging business card with one hand also acceptable, but only exchanging with right hand where left hand lightly wrap around wrist and lower arm. The card should never be immediately kept into the pocket or placed somewhere. The detail in card for person name and position should be studied after receiving another persons card. Also, the card should not be written anything down. At meetings, other peoples business cards should be arranged on the table according to the sitting position. This helps tracking of people names.   It also is a sign of respect and interested in for the person. Another important thing is, playing or writing anything down in other people business card is disrespectful action. Business card should be treated with respect in same degree of respect as one would show the person him or herself. Gift Giving It is not required to give the gift when meeting business partner but giving gift shows consideration to other people and good relationship. Gift can be anything and do not have to be expensive things. Gift can be offered to anyone in the meeting but the most importance is giving one for the host or person in the highest rank. Gifts are given in the order of peoples importance or their position.   Wrapped gifts will be opened only when the person is alone. Shoes and socks are not suitable to be gifts in Laos as it is related to foot which is the least sacred part of the body. Green and red are the most suitable colors for wrapping paper in Laos. White wrapping paper, which is considered as unlucky and miserable color, should be avoided. Negotiation Negotiations process in the Lao is quite slow. It is also highly unwell-organized. Lao contracts are normally written in short with simple language. The Laos contract focuses on principles while western contract is obtuse and legalistic. Relationship is more important than the terms and conditions in the contract. They view the contract as the starting point of relationship but are able to change later. The agreement may become meaningless if the circumstances change. Good  relationship with Lao partners is a big help in negotiation. Breaking of negotiation should be done very carefully as it might shut the door on future cooperation.   Seeking for legal  counsel might lead to failed relationship i Meeting Meeting in Lao is not well-conducted.  In many case, meeting for Lao people is made for purpose of opportunities for social occasion. The highest ranking person of the group should be the first one who go into the room and speak to other people.   There is normally business card exchange before the meeting start. Meetings always begin with informal talk with serving coffee or tea.   The served tea or coffee should be drink or sip before main topic start as a polite and appreciate behavior. A several  discussion are normally takes place before launch into the the main topic of the meeting. The host will be the person who starts talking into the main topic. There are several signals from host that indicate the end of meeting. The signals include asking guest if they would like more tea, beginning to summarize things up, thank you for coming, and leading guest to the door. Table Manner If Lao has invited someone to a dinner it means that they interest to build deeper relationship. It is important to return the favor as it is a sign of interested in having relationship with them. Whenever accept dining invitation, it is important to be a host for next meal. If the meal take place at Laos house, remember to take shoes off before enter the house. Guest should not take seat until host invites to sit. For dining at restaurant, do not ask to share the bill if have dining at restaurant if they propose to pay for you. Instead, accept the invitation and then host the next meal. Communication Lao has indirect communication style. Rather than confront a person with an issue or disagreement, Lao prefer a non-confrontational ways of communicating for disagreement. As Laos are collectivism, relationship between people is important thing. They avoid having any conflict in relationships especially when in public.   People are more likely to avoid anger, confrontation or verbal criticisms which can lead to loss of face. Instead of direct confrontation, they try to find another way to solve the conflict. Body languages are quite preserved in Lao. They try to avoid eye contact. They also have few body language gestures. For documentation, written documents should be in both Lao and the foreign language so Lao people could understand more correctly about the content of the document. One more important thing is document written with red ink might get negative feedback from Lao. One more thing that foreigner should know is thing are not as the way they seem to be. For example, Foreigner should never ever take yes of Lao as an answer. Lao normally say yes to indicate that the message has been heard and understood. Yes means maybe or perhaps or no. Maybe means yes, no, or just maybe. And there is really no no as they try to avoid any form of conflict. Another example is bad news from Lao is often slowly  introduced. The main topic is normally come after the word and which generally is when the most important content is revealed. Another important thing in communication is saying Apologize. Lao normally apologize when something happen, even if they did not do anything worng. But they apologize because an  unfortunate incident has occurred.   It is importance to remember how to show respect. When in Laos, try and do as the Laos. Do and remember about body conduct, dress, and public affection and religious manner.

How the Colonization Era affected Authors Essay -- English Literature

How the Colonization Era affected Authors The atmosphere of which a writer adapts to affects his/her works. The writer's environment, and the churnings of history that feed the writer, gives him the material whereby he can construct, and create in. History, in this instance the colonization of the American continent, dictates what and how he is to write. Authors such as John Smith, William Bradford, and St. Jean de Crevecoeur are all examples of this. The atmosphere or society these authors were in directly affected the attitude, tone, genre, etc. of their works. This can be shown both by facts in history and their actual writings of that period. During the 17th century Pilgrims, which were a group of Separatist Puritans, disliked being in England and wanted to go to America for the right to practice their religion freely (and in 1620 they received a patent from Virginia which allowed them to settle in New England aboard the Mayflower). In 1606, King James I granted a charter authorizing overlapping grants of land in Virginia to two separate joint-stock companies, one based in London and the other in Plymouth. Captain John Smith planned to conquer New England's "goodly, strong, and well-proportioned (Indian) people" and establish an English colony there. He then led the Virginia Company of London to successfully establishing the colony. His work The General History of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles told about his colonization process and explorations, as he described America as a utopian society. As mentioned in his work, Smith maintained satisfactory relations with the Indians, as shown by his letter to Queen Anne when he says "That some ten years ago being in Virginia, and taken prisoner by the power of Powhatan their chief King, I received from this great savage exceeding great courtesy, especially from his son Nantaquaus. . . .And his sister Pocahontas, the King's most dear and well-beloved daughter, being but a child of twelve or thirteen years of age, whose compassionate pitiful heart, of my desperate estate, gave me much cause to respect her. . . ." Smith prevented Virginia from disintegrating. This is shown in his piece, as he tries hard to persuade people to come to America as shown by his statement "And surely by reason of those sandy cliffs, and cliffs of rocks . . . . who can but approve this a most excellent place, bo... ...erican slaves were worked very hard (many times they were worked to death). They were treated brutally and unfairly. Slavery was the biggest factor in economic prosperity because they cultivated the cash crops. The independence of the colonies was gained when, after a colonial conflict in reaction to British taxes like the Tea Act, the second continental congress declared independence and wrote the Declaration of Independence. Thus all of these events leading to the colonization of America influenced writing during, and after, that time period. The works of Smith, Bradford, and de Crevecoeur serve as a basis for future writings on the history of colonization. The atmosphere created in these works is reflected by the society during that time. That's why the environment an author is in so greatly affects his/her pieces of literature. For example, Smith might not be able to write many of the things he did in his work in today's time because today's society might oppose or disdain some of his ideas or his stylistic approach to his conclusions. Therefore, the society or setting present at a specific time is indicative of pieces of literature, as in the colonization of America.